Process for the synthesis of N-nacyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acids

ABSTRACT

The invention claimed herein provides a process to oxidize N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides to N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acids using potassium permanganate in the presence of magnesium sulfate in aqueous sulfolane or aqueous pyridine.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from copending provisionalapplication(s) Ser. No. 60/354,777 filed on Feb. 5, 2002 the entiredisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a process for the synthesis ofN-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acids by the oxidation ofN-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides using potassiumpermanganate in aqueous solvent mixtures.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Potassium permanganate is a widely used reagent for the oxidation ofbenzylic carbon atoms to the corresponding carboxylic acid. However,oxidations do not always work well for substrates having limited watersolubility and furthermore, potassium permanganate has limitedsolubility in organic solvents. The problem with insolubility has beenaddressed to some extent by the use of biphasic conditions employingwater and either benzene or a hydrocarbon solvent as the organic phase,or, alternatively by using a phase transfer catalyst. Unfortunately,many organic compounds or substrates have poor solubility in eitherwater or hydrocarbon solvents. The limited contact between the oxidantand the substrate results in long reaction times, poor yields and theformation of contaminates which make purification difficult. Further,many typical organic solvents cannot be used as a co-solvent withpotassium permanganate because being such a potent oxidant, the organicsolvents are themselves oxidized, leading to diverse and complicatedreaction mixtures. The use of a phase transfer catalyst can lead tofurther purification problems.

The N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acids that are obtainedaccording to the process of this invention are useful intermediates toproduce 3-cyanoquinolines. The 3-cyano quinolines are used in thesynthesis, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,008, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, of certainprotein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors useful for the treatment ofcancer. The toluidines that are required to produce the desiredN-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acids have very poor solubilityin water. The problem of poor water solubility contributes to incompletereactions and variable yields when performing the oxidation in wateralone with potassium permanganate as the oxidizing agent in the presenceof magnesium sulfate. The accelerated decomposition of potassiumpermanganate, under aqueous conditions requires a very large excess ofthe oxidant resulting in large volumes of inorganic waste. Additionally,the low solubility of both the substrate and the oxidant in watercontribute to the inefficiency of the total process by requiring highdilutions (>40:1).

It is also known that certain substrates, which include derivatives oftoluidine such as N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides, cancatalyze the decomposition of potassium permanganate. As mentionedabove, solubility and decomposition problems contribute to the need fora large excess of potassium permanganate. Also, isolating and solvingproblems of potassium permanganate oxidations are difficult because ofthe subtleties of the equilibrium between the various oxidation statesof manganese.

The N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides used as the oxidationsubstrates are prepared with acetic anhydride using conditions welldescribed in the art (e.g., A.Ono in Chem. Ind.(London), 4, 130, 1982).As described, adding N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides as asolid to an aqueous mixture of the potassium permanganate and magnesiumsulfate at about 80–90° C. followed by heating the reaction mixture toreflux for 1 hour further required adding additional potassiumpermanganate and magnesium sulfate as necessary at 30 minute intervalsto fully oxidize the N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides.Typically, 4 to 5 equivalents of the oxidant are necessary under theseconditions. The yield of the oxidation under totally aqueous conditionsis however improved by adding the substrate as a hot slurry in water.However, the disadvantage to this procedure becomes apparent on largerscale when one needs to prepare the substrate as a hot slurry in waterfollowed by adding the slurry to the aqueous potassium permanganate.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a newprocess for the preparation of N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoicacids which avoids the solubility problems associated with potassiumpermanganate in organic solvents and to additionally solve the problemof needing a large excess of potassium permanganate.

Thus, there is a need in the art for a process which overcomes theproblems of solubility and the need for excess potassium permanganatewhen oxidizing, in particular, toluidines.

Those and other objects of the present invention will become moreapparent from the detailed description thereof set forth below.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a new process for the preparation ofN-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acids having the structuralformula

wherein:

-   R₃ is —OR and-   R is alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms;-   which process comprises oxidizing    N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides having the formula

where

-   R₃ is —OR; and-   R is alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms;-   with potassium permanganate in an aqueous solvent mixture to afford    N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acids after acidification.    The oxidation is generally carried out in solution in a solvent    system comprising water and a cosolvent, normally an organic    cosolvent.

The invention also provides a process for the manufacture of a compoundhaving the formula I

wherein:

-   X is cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, which may be optionally    substituted with one or more alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atom groups; or    is a pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, or phenyl ring; wherein the pyridinyl,    pyrimidinyl, or phenyl ring may be optionally mono-, di-, or    tri-substituted with a substituent selected from the group    consisting of halogen, alkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2–6    carbon atoms, alkynyl of 2–6 carbon atoms, azido, hydroxyalkyl of    1–6 carbon atoms, halomethyl, alkoxymethyl of 2–7 carbon atoms,    alkanoyloxymethyl of 2–7 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1–6 carbon atoms,    alkylthio of 1–6 carbon atoms, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano,    nitro, carboxy, carboalkoxy of 2–7 carbon atoms, carboalkyl of 2–7    carbon atoms, phenoxy, phenyl, thiophenoxy, benzoyl, benzyl, amino,    alkylamino of 1–6 carbon atoms, dialkylamino of 2 to 12 carbon    atoms, phenylamino, benzylamino, alkanoylamino of 1–6 carbon atoms,    alkenoylamino of 3–8 carbon atoms, alkynoylamino of 3–8 carbon    atoms, and benzoylamino;-   R₃ is —OR;-   R is alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms;-   n is 0–1;-   Y is —NH—, —O—, —S—, or —NR₁₀—;-   R₁₀ is alkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms;-   R₂ is

-    in which each R₈ is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl of    1–6 carbon atoms, aminoalkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms, N-alkylaminoalkyl    of 2–9 carbon atoms, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl of 3–12 carbon atoms,    N-cycloalkylaminoalkyl of 4–12 carbon atoms,    N-cycloalkyl-N-alkylaminoalkyl of 5–18 carbon atoms,    N,N-dicycloalkylaminoalkyl of 7–18 carbon atoms, morpholino-N-alkyl    wherein the alkyl group is 1–6 carbon atoms, piperidino-N-alkyl    wherein the alkyl group is 1–6 carbon atoms,    N-alkyl-piperidino-N-alkyl wherein either alkyl group is 1–6 carbon    atoms, azacycloalkyl-N-alkyl of 3–11 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of    1–6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl of 2–8 carbon atoms, carboxy,    carboalkoxy of 1–6 carbon atoms, phenyl, carboalkyl of 2–7 carbon    atoms, chloro, fluoro, and bromo; or a pharmaceutically acceptable    salt thereof;    which process comprises-   (a) preparing an N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid    compound by the process provided by the invention and-   (b) converting the N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid    compound so prepared into a compound having formula I as defined and    illustrated above or an acid addition salt thereof. X is preferably    optionally substituted phenyl, particularly 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl.    The symbol n is preferably 0. Y is preferably —NH—. R₃ and RO—are    preferably ethoxy. R₂ is preferably R₈—CH═CH—CO—NH— (in which R₈ is    as defined above), R₂ being advantageously    4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enoyl —NH—. The compound of formula I is    preferably    N-{4-[(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-3-cyano-7-ethoxy-6-quinolinyl}-4-(dimethylamino)-2-butenamide.

The conversion of part (b) comprises using the acetylamino group at the2-position and the carboxy group at the 1-position of the2-(acetylamino)-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid as a precursor for a groupof the formula II—N═CH—C(CN)═C[—Y—(CH₂)_(n)—X]—  (II)(wherein X, Y and n are as defined above) and using the nitro group atthe 5-position of the 2-(acetylamino)-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid asprecusor for R₂. The formation of the group of the formula II may becarried out by cleaving the acetyl group from the acetylamino group,preferably under basic or acidic conditions, for instance, by a basicsolvolysis, more preferably by alkaline alcoholysis, e.g. with KOH/MeOH,and using the resultant amino group and the carboxy group as precursorfor a group of the formula II. The conversion of the amino group andcarboxy group to the group of formula II may be carried out by knownmethods, for instance, by methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,008.The conversion of the nitro group into R₂ may be carried out by reducingthe nitro group to form an amino group and subjecting the amino group toamide formation by reaction with a carboxylic acid having the formula(R₈)₂—C═C R₈—COOH (in which each R₈ is as defined above) or a reactivederivative thereof, for instance the acid chloride having the formula(R₈)₂—C═C R₈—COCl. The conversion of the nitro group into R₂ may becarried out by methods known per se, for instance methods disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 6,002,008. The formation of the group of the formula II ispreferably carried out before the conversion of the nitro group into R₂.Thus part (b) preferably comprises

-   (i) cleavage of the acyl group of the    N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid compound so as to form a    2-amino-4-(C₁–C₃ alkoxy)-5-nitrobenzoic acid;-   (ii) converting the 2-amino-4-(C₁–C₃ alkoxy)-5-nitrobenzoic acid    into a nitro compound having formula I as illustrated above in which    R, X, Y and n are as defined above and R₂ is nitro;-   (iii) reducing this nitro compound so as to form an amino compound    having formula I as illustrated above in which R, X, Y and n are as    defined above and R₂ is amino; and-   (iv) subjecting this amino compound to amide formation by reaction    with a carboxylic acid having the formula (R₈)₂—C═C R₈—COOH (in    which each R₈ is as defined above) or a reactive derivative thereof.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those derived from suchorganic and inorganic acids as: acetic, lactic, citric, tartaric,succinic, maleic, malonic, gluconic, hydrochloric, hydrobromic,phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, methanesulfonic, and similarly known asacceptable acids.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with this invention the production ofN-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acids is provided in high yieldand purity by a process which comprises:

-   (a) oxidizing N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides with    potassium permanganate in the presence of magnesium sulfate in    aqueous sulfolane (5-45% water) or aqueous pyridine at about 80 to    110° C.;-   (b) acidifying the reaction mixture and collecting the product.

Preferred according to the process of the invention is a sulfolane:watervolume ratio of about 19:1 to 1:1 v/v.

Preferred according to the process of the invention is a magnesiumsulfate to potassium permanganate ratio of about 1:4 equivalents ofmagnesium sulfate to about 3:3.5 molar equivalents of potassiumpermanganate.

Preferred is acidifying the reaction mixture to a pH of about 2 to 6 andmore preferably about 2 to 4.

Preferred is a reaction temperature of about 80–90° C.

Surprisingly, the use of sulfolane as a co-solvent in the oxidation ofN-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides allowed the reactionconcentration to be more than doubled (20:1), minimized the amount ofoxidant (3 to 3.5 molar equivalents) vs. 4 to 5 previously used undertotally aqueous conditions and dramatically increasing the yield from 30to 50% to at least 68 to 71% and further reducing the amount ofinorganic waste. The use of sulfolane simplifies the isolation processby avoiding extraction procedures. A further advantage is that theprocess is very reproducible. A preferred procedure is to add solidpotassium permanganate to a hot solution ofN-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides in the presence ofmagnesium sulfate in aqueous sulfolane at 80 to 90° C. An additionaladvantage of this procedure is that the oxidation may optionally beperformed by adding the N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamides asa sulfolane solution to the oxidizing mixture of potassium permanganatein water. The isolation of the product is accomplished by filtering thereaction mixture to remove inorganics, followed by diluting the filtratewith water and acidifying the reaction mixture to about pH 2 to 4. Theproduct precipitates and is collected by filtration. Similar results areobtained using aqueous pyridine as the solvent. Preferred cosolvents aresulfolane and pyridine.

In order to facilitate a further understanding of the invention, thefollowing non-limiting examples illustrate the process of the presentinvention.

EXAMPLE 1 2-acetylamino-4-ethoxy-5-nitrobenzoic Acid

A 5-L Morton flask equipped with an overhead stirrer and thermocouple ischarged with N-(5-ethoxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-acetamide (46 g, 193mmol), aq. sulfolane (95:5 v/v, 500 mL) and water (200 mL). The reactionmixture is heated to 90° C. and then magnesium sulfate (MgSO)₄ (46 g,382 mmol) and water (200 mL) are added to the reaction mixture. Thepotassium permanganate (KMnO₄) (105 g, 670 mmol) is added in 15-gportions every 15 minutes until the reaction is complete by HPLC [>95%].Retention time T_(r) of N-(5-ethoxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-acetamideis 10.7 min and T_(r) of 2-acetylamino-4-ethoxy-5-nitro-benzoic acid is12.4 min in a 65:35 mixture of CH₃CN with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid(TFA):H₂O run isocratically at 1.0 mL/min with a Phenomenex Prodigy 5ODS column (250×4.6 mm). The hot solution (>80° C.) is filtered thrudiatomaceous earth (6″ diameter and 1″ thick) and the filter cake (MnO₂)is rinsed with hot water (>80° C., 3×200 mL). While stirring thefiltrate, 10% HCl is added until the pH is adjusted to about 2 to 4 andstirring of the suspension continued while cooling to ambienttemperature (15 to 25° C.). The suspension is filtered with a frittedfunnel (medium) and the filter cake is washed with water (3×200 mL). Thecake is dried to constant weight under vacuum (50 mm Hg) at 40 to 50° C.This procedure provides product of high purity in good yield (36.5 g,70% yield, >98% purity by NMR integration). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆)11.5 (br s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 4.22 (q, j=7 Hz, 2H), 2.21(s, 3H), 1.40 (t, j-7 Hz, 3H).

EXAMPLE 2 2-acetylamino-4-ethoxy-5-nitrobenzoic Acid

A 500 mL Morton flask equipped with an overhead stirrer and thermocoupleis charged with N-(5-ethoxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-acetamide (3 g,12.5 mmol) and aq. sulfolane (95:5 v/v, 35 mL). While stirring is addedMgSO₄ (5 g, 41.5 mmol) and water (15 mL). The reaction mixture is heatedto 90–95° C. and 125 mL (31.2 mmol, 2.4 eq) of a 0.25M aqueous solutionof KMnO₄ is added at a rate to control exothermic foaming. The reactionis complete in about 15 to 20 minutes by HPLC [>95%]. Retention timeT_(r) of N-(5-ethoxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-acetamide is 10.7 min andT_(r) of 2-acetylamino-4-ethoxy-5-nitro-benzoic acid is 12.4 min in a65:35 mixture of CH₃CN with 0.1% TFA:H₂O run isocratically at 1.0 mL/minwith a Phenomenex Prodigy 5 ODS column (250×4.6 mm). However, should thereaction be incomplete, as shown by HPLC system above, additionalportions of the KMnO₄ (25 mL, 6.25 mmol) are added at 15–20 minuteintervals and completion monitored by HPLC as above. The hot solution(>80° C.) is filtered through diatomaceous earth (6″ diameter and 1″thick) and the filter cake (MnO₂) is rinsed with hot water (>80° C.,3×200 mL). While stirring the filtrate, 10% HCl is added until the pH isadjusted to about 2 to 4 and stirring of the suspension continued whilecooling to ambient temperature (15 to 25° C.). The suspension isfiltered with a fritted funnel (medium) and the filter cake is washedwith water (3×200 mL). The cake is dried to constant weight under vacuum(50 mm Hg) at 40 to 50° C. This procedure provides product of highpurity in good yield; 2.4 g, 71%, purity >98% by NMR integration or byHPLC.

EXAMPLE 3 2-acetylamino-4-ethoxy-5-nitrobenzoic Acid

In a 5-L multi-neck flask, equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometerand condenser is charged with water (1500 mL) followed by MgSO₄ (67 g).To the resulting solution is added pyridine (500 mL) and thenN-(5-ethoxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-acetamide (50 g) over 5 min. Thesuspension is heated to 85° C. and the resulting solution is chargedwith KMnO₄ (150.0 g) over 20 min until the reaction is complete by HPLC[>95%]. Retention time Tr ofN-(5-ethoxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-acetamide is 7.5 min and Tr of2-acetylamino-4-ethoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid is 8.5 min) in a 40:60mixture of CH₃CN with 0.1% H₃PO₄:H₂O run isocratically at 1.0 mL/minwith a Phenomenex Luna C8 column (150×4.6 mm). Upon completion, the hotmixture (80 to 85° C.) is filtered on a Buchner (20 cm diameter). Thefilter cake (MnO₂) is washed with hot water (850 mL). The filtrates arecombined, cooled to 30° C. and treated with conc. HCl (125 mL) to pH=6.The resulting suspension is stirred at 30° C. for 30 min and the productis collected on a Buchner funnel (20 cm diameter). The cake is suspendedin water (500 mL) and treated with conc. HCl (11 mL) to pH=1.5. Theproduct is collected on a Buchner funnel (16 cm diameter) and washedwith water (100 mL) followed by acetone (50 mL). The cake is dried toconstant weight under vacuum (10 mm Hg) at 65° C. This procedureprovides product of high purity in good yield (38.5 g, 68.4%, 98.7%purity by HPLC). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 11.5 (br s, 1H), 8.52 (s,1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 4.22 (q, j=7 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.40 (t, j-7 Hz,3H).

1. A process for the manufacture of a compound having the formula I

wherein: X is cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, which may be optionallysubstituted with one or more alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atom groups; or is apyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, or phenyl ring; wherein the pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl, or phenyl ring may be optionally mono-, di-, ortri-substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, alkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2–6 carbon atoms, alkynylof 2–6 carbon atoms, azido, hydroxyalkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms,halomethyl, alkoxymethyl of 2–7 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxymethyl of 2–7carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1–6 carbon atoms, alkylthio of 1–6 carbon atoms,hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, carboxy, carboalkoxy of 2–7carbon atoms, carboalkyl of 2–7 carbon atoms, phenoxy, phenyl,thiophenoxy, benzoyl, benzyl, amino, alkylamino of 1–6 carbon atoms,dialkylamino of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, phenylamino, benzylamino,alkanoylamino of 1–6 carbon atoms, alkenoylamino of 3–8 carbon atoms,alkynoylamino of 3–8 carbon atoms, and benzoylamino; R₃ is —OR; R isalkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; n is 0–1; Y is —NH—, —O—, —S—, or —NR₁₀—;R₁₀ is alkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms; R₂ is

 in which each R₈ is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl of 1–6carbon atoms, aminoalkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms, N-alkylaminoalkyl of 2–9carbon atoms, N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl of 3–12 carbon atoms,N-cycloalkylaminoalkyl of 4–12 carbon atoms,N-cycloalkyl-N-alkylaminoalkyl of 5–18 carbon atoms,N,N-dicycloalkylaminoalkyl of 7–18 carbon atoms, morpholino-N-alkylwherein the alkyl group is 1–6 carbon atoms, piperidino-N-alkyl whereinthe alkyl group is 1–6 carbon atoms, N-alkyl-piperidino-N-alkyl whereineither alkyl group is 1–6 carbon atoms, azacycloalkyl-N-alkyl of 3–11carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl of 2–8carbon atoms, carboxy, carboalkoxy of 1–6 carbon atoms, phenyl,carboalkyl of 2–7 carbon atoms, chloro, fluoro, and bromo; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; which process comprises: (a)preparing a N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid compound by theprocess of oxidizing a N-(5-alkoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)acetamidecompound having the structural formula

 where R₃ is —OR; and R is alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, with potassiumpermanganate in solution in a solvent system comprising water and acosolvent in the presence of magnesium sulfate at a specified reactiontemperature; and (b) converting theN-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid compound so prepared into acompound of formula I or an acid addition salt thereof, by: (i) cleavageof the acyl group of the N-acyl-2-amino-4-alkoxy-5-nitrobenzoic acidcompound to form a 2-amino-4-(C₁–C₃ alkoxy)-5-nitrobenzoic acid; (ii)converting the 2-amino-4-(C₁–C₃ alkoxy)-5-nitrobenzoic acid compoundformed in step (i) into a compound of formula I in which R₂ is nitro, bythe process of (a) heating with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal toform a first intermediate compound, (b) reacting the first intermediatecompound with acetonitrile in the presence of a base to form a secondintermediate compound, (c) heating the second intermediate compound witha chlorinating agent to form a third intermediate compound, and (d)condensing the third intermediate compound with a compound of theformula H—Y—(CH₂)_(n)—X; (iii) reducing the nitro compound formed instep (ii) to a compound of formula I in which R₂ is amino; and (iv)subjecting the amino compound formed in step (iii) to amide formation byreaction with a carboxylic acid having the formula (R₈)₂C═C(R₈)—COOH ora reactive derivative thereof.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein saidcompound of formula I isN-{4-[(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-3-cyano-7-ethoxy-6-quinolinyl}-4-(dimethylamino)-2-butenamide.